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/F0 11/Times-Bold@0 SF .414(Callhan et al.)90 85 R/F1 7.7/Times-Roman@0
SF(1)-4.51 I/F2 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .414
(compare pie menus to linear menus.)3.164 4.51 N .413
(Pie menus should be more ef)5.913 F .413(\214cient because)-.275 F .767
(all options are at the same distance from the initial cursor position,\
 and each option has a lar)90 98 R(ger)-.198 E .198(selection area.)90
111 R .197(33 subjects participated in an e)5.697 F .197
(xperiment in which the number of errors and speed)-.165 F .245(in menu\
 selection were tested. Pie and linear menus were constructed with thre\
e types of options:)90 124 R 2.082(those that f)90 137 R -.22(avo)-.11 G
2.081(red a pie or).22 F -.055(ga)-.198 G 2.081(nization, those that f)
.055 F -.22(avo)-.11 G 2.081(red a linear or).22 F -.055(ga)-.198 G
2.081(nization, and those that).055 F -.11(fa)90 150 S -.22(vo)-.11 G
.918(red neither).22 F 6.418(.A)-.605 G .919
(ll menus consisted of eight options.)-6.418 F 3.669(Aw)6.419 G .919
(ithin-subjects design w)-3.669 F .919(as used; sub-)-.11 F .308
(jects completed 60 trials, locating an e)90 163 R .308(xplicit tar)
-.165 F .308(get in one of the menus.)-.198 F .307
(Subjects had little or no)5.808 F -.165(ex)90 176 S 1.983
(perience with the mouse.).165 F 1.983(The results sho)7.483 F 1.984
(wed that subjects were approximately 15% f)-.275 F(aster)-.11 E -.165
(ove)90 189 S .671(rall with the pie menu, though the linear menu w).165
F .671(as w)-.11 F .671(orse only in the half of the options fur)-.11 F
(-)-.22 E .296(thest a)90 202 R -.11(wa)-.165 G 3.046(yf).11 G .296
(rom the initial cursor position.)-3.046 F .296(Nearly twice as man)
5.796 F 3.046(yt)-.165 G .296(otal errors were made with the)-3.046 F
.252(linear menu, b)90 215 R .252(ut this result did not achie)-.22 F
.581 -.165(ve s)-.275 H 3.001(igni\214cance. The).165 F .251
(authors note that the pie menu tech-)3.001 F(nique suf)90 228 Q(fers a\
 polynomial increase in consumption of screen area as more options are \
added.)-.275 E F0(Refer)90 254 Q(ences)-.198 E F2 14(1. Jack)90 270.6 R
.234(Callahan, Don Hopkins, Mark W)2.984 F(eiser)-.88 E 2.984(,a)-.44 G
.234(nd Ben Shneiderman, \231)-2.984 F .234(An Empirical Compari-)-.88 F
.076(son of Pie Vs. Linear Menus,)115 283.6 R<9a>-.77 E/F3 11
/Times-Italic@0 SF(Pr)2.826 E .075(oceedings of the CHI '88 Confer)-.495
F .075(ence on Human F)-.407 F(actor)-.825 E 2.825(si)-.11 G(n)-2.825 E
(Computing Systems,)115 296.6 Q F2(pp. 95-100, W)2.75 E
(ashington, D.C. \(May 15-19, 1988\).)-.88 E EP
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